Viewing and Understanding your Optimised NH3 output
- Your *.log file should be open, but if you have closed it you can open it again by choosing "File and open" in gaussview. Navigate to D: drive folder and open your log file.
- What if you cannot find the *.log file from inside gaussview? The file should be there however, sometimes silly microsoft does not give the .log extension. So navigate from the desktop of your PC to find the file you think is the *.log file (in your folder) and click on it choosing open in gaussview. If this doesn't work you might need to switch on the filename extensions in Windows.
- To obtain general information about the job click on the results tab at the top and choose "Summary". This will open a window that lists important information about your calculation.
- The summary contains information which is important when writing reports or papers that include theoretical results. This kind of information is equivalent to recording the concentration of your reactants or the temperature of your reflux etc.
- What is the molecule?
- What is the calculation method?
- What is the basis set?
- What is the final energy in atomic units (au)?
- What is the RMS gradient?
- What is the point group of your molecule?
- A word on energies
- the basis set and method strongly effect the final energy. For this reason only calculations carried out on exactly the same number and type of atoms at exactly the same level can have their energies directly compared.
- by convention and in terms of a "record" the total energy in atomic units (hartree) is always given for each molecule
- however, it is standard to report energy differences up to 0.1 kJ/mol when undertaking analysis.
- thus we need to know the energy in au to an accuracy that will allow us to report energy differences to the correct level. The important question is how much is 0.1 kJ/mol in au? 0.1 kJ/mol is 0.000038 au! So when reporting energies in au you must record them up to at least 5dp (recording up to 7dp is better and then drop the last two when reporting data in a publication)
- Find out some geometric information
- on the commands palette click on the button with a question-mark in front of a ruler. This is the inquiry button and will tell you bond distances if you click on two atoms, and bond angles if you click on three atoms
- use the inquiry button to determine the optimised N-H bond distance and the optimised H-N-H bond angle.
- some important conceptual things to know about how the various programs integrate.
- Gaussian "runs" the jobs (ie does all the number crunching)
- Gaussview is a separate program which is used to create and edit files used by Gaussian.
- When you submit a job you or Gaussview makes a *.gjf file and when you look at the output you or Gaussview is looking at a *.log file
- Gaussian also makes a third file, where it stores information in a "machine only readable format" these are called checkpoint files and have the file extension *.chk. Sometimes we will also use Gaussview to process information in the *.chk file for us to view graphically, like the molecular orbitals.
- Gaussian is a sophisticated program, not for general use, it has to carry out some very complex procedures, and this means it does not do a robust "check" of your input, if you make a mistake in the input Gaussian will not always "catch" the error. You should always check and check again your input if a job fails or even if a job seems to complete normally there may still be a problem!
- Thus, it is very important for us to check that you have actually optimised the molecule, one way of doing this is to check the gradient. The gradient should be close to zero, ie is it less than 0.0005? A number larger than this means the optimisation is not complete, and you should ask a demonstrator to help you.
- Now we are going to look at the "real" output, the file that Gaussian generates. This is a purely text based file, Gaussview is an interface that takes information from this file and presents it to you graphically. Sometimes we want information that Gaussview cannot process and so we must look directly at the file output by the program Gaussian. This also allows us to double check the job has optimised successfully
- There is more than one way to access this file, you can click on the "view file" button in the summary (see above), or you can click on the results tab at the top and choose "View File ...".
- This file is the "real" output, a text based *.log file. Scroll through the file, if you are interested get a demonstrator to tell you more about the contents.
- Now check that your job has really converged, go to the end of the file and move backwards until you find the final set of forces and displacements, it should look something like this:
Item Value Threshold Converged? Maximum Force 0.000005 0.000450 YES RMS Force 0.000003 0.000300 YES Maximum Displacement 0.000012 0.001800 YES RMS Displacement 0.000008 0.001200 YES Predicted change in Energy=-9.075171D-11 Optimization completed. -- Stationary point found. ---------------------------- ! Optimized Parameters ! ! (Angstroms and Degrees) ! -------------------------- -------------------------- ! Name Definition Value Derivative Info. ! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ! R1 R(1,2) 1.018 -DE/DX = 0.0 ! ! R2 R(1,3) 1.018 -DE/DX = 0.0 ! ! R3 R(1,4) 1.018 -DE/DX = 0.0 ! ! A1 A(2,1,3) 105.7463 -DE/DX = 0.0 ! ! A2 A(2,1,4) 105.7463 -DE/DX = 0.0 ! ! A3 A(3,1,4) 105.7463 -DE/DX = 0.0 ! ! D1 D(2,1,4,3) -111.867 -DE/DX = 0.0 ! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GradGradGradGradGradGradGradGradGradGradGradGradGradGradGradGradGradGrad - the important information is in the part below "Item" this tells us that the forces are converged. Remember force is the gradient or slope of the energy vs distance graph, and we are at a minimum when the slope is zero. A system is in equilibrium when there are no forces acting on it, when the forces are zero. So we are looking for a slope or force that is zero.
- The computer never gets to exactly zero because of rounding errors, so we apply a threshold, in this case the Maximum Force on any atom should not exceed 0.00045 au, and the average (RMS) force should not exceed 0.0003 au. This threshold information is shown in the Item section
- This table of data also tells us that the displacements are converged, this means that for a small displacement (movement of the atoms) the energy does not change (within a certain very small amount).
- You MUST always check the Item section of your output at the end of an optimisation, even if gaussview says the job finished properly. All of my students keep a "log book" of their calculations and are required to add a copy and paste of the "Item" table of converged forces and distances in it.
- Information from a calculation is physically meaningful ONLY if the molecule is optimised. Thus optimisation is always the first step to examining the structure and electronic distribution (bonding) within a molecule.
You now have an optimised geometry we can examine other properties of the molecule
- When you are ready move onto the next step